Doğu Türkistan; Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Tacikistan Cumhuriyetleriyle Pakistan, Hindistan, Keşmir, Tibet, Moğolistan ve Çin ülkelerine komşudur.
Kaşgar, Hoten, Yarkent, Aksu, Kuça ve Turfan şehirleri tarihi öneme sahiptir.
İslam kumandanı Kuteybe b. Müslim 715’te Fergana bölgesine kadar ilerledi ve Kaşgar’ı Çinliler’den aldı. Kaşgar’da hüküm süren ilk müslüman Türk hükümdarı Karahanlılardan Abdülkerim Satuk Buğra Han’dır. Aynı isimdeki Türk destanına göre Satuk Buğra Han ilahi bir destekle Müslüman oldu. Karahanlılar (840-1212) İslamiyet’ten sonra önemli bölümü Doğu Türkistan’da olan ilk büyük Türk devletidir.
Kaşgar, İlkçağ’dan beri bölgenin ekonomik merkezidir. Eski dönemlerde el sanatlarında, özellikle kilim, tekstil ve seramik dallarında meşhurdu. 1950’lerden bu yana pamuk endüstrisi başta olmak üzere kurulan çeşitli modern endüstriler şehrin ekonomik önemini arttırmıştır. Diğer taraftan ipek yolundaki ve Çin’le Orta Asya arasındaki transit taşımacılıktaki rolü, eski çağlardan beri Kaşgar’ın bir ticaret merkezi olarak önem kazanmasını sağlamıştır.
Türk kültür tarihinin çok önemli iki eserinin yazarları Kaşgarlıdır. Yusuf Has Hacib ünlü eseri Kutadgu Bilig’i burada yazmıştır. Divanü lugati’t-Türk’ün müellifi Mahmud da Kaşgarlı idi. Uygur sanatının çok gelişmiş örnekleri de zamanımıza ulaşmıştır. Medeniyet yerine kullanılan “uygarlık” kelimesi Uygurlardan esinlenerek konuldu.
ÇİN İŞGALİ
Çin’le sınırdaş olan Doğu Türkistan, çok eski çağlardan beri bu ülke ile kavgalıdır. Çinliler 1759’dan itibaren yavaş yavaş Doğu Türkistan’ı işgal ettiler.
Direniş hareketleri olduysa da Çin bunları bastırdı. Çin-Rus rekabetine maruz kalan ülke perişan oldu. Çin hükümeti 1884’te Doğu Türkistan’ın adını değiştirip Sinkiang/Sincan yaptı. Doğu Türkistan 1 Ekim 1955’ten beri Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’ne bağlı olarak Sinkiang/Sincan Uygur Özerk Bölgesi adıyla anılmakta ve günümüzdeki geniş Çin topraklarının altıda birini kaplamaktadır.
Doğu Türkistan’da Çin zulmü 250 senedir vardı fakat 1949 yılında Mao önderliğindeki komünistlerin Çin yönetimini ele geçirmesinin ardından bölgedeki baskılar eskiye oranla daha da arttı. Komünist yönetim asimile olmayı reddeden Müslümanların imhasına yöneldi. Bu dönemlerdeki insan kaybı milyonları buldu.
KİMLİĞİ BELİRLEYEN DİN
Doğu Türkistan’da İslam dini milli kimliği korumada en önemli etkendir.
Bu yüzden Çin baskısı en çok dini alana yönelik olmaktadır. Çin yönetimi tarafından camiler yıkıldı, toplu ibadet yasaklandı, Kur’an kursları kapatıldı, okullarda dinsizlik propagandası yapıldı. Bunların yanında dini ilimlerin öğrenilmesi ve dini bilgilere sahip şeyh, hoca, müderris gibi öncü kişilerin halkı eğitmeleri ise tamamen yasaklandı. En büyük suçları Müslüman olmaktır. Ama bunca şeye rağmen halk dini kimliğinden hiçbir şey kaybetmedi ve aksine daha da güçlendi.
(Devam edecek)
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