Bir önceki yazıda Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli’nin menkıbevi hayatından kısmen söz etmiştim. Buna göre Hacı Bektaş’ı Anadolu’ya Türkistan’dan Ahmet Yesevi göndermiştir. Bu görüşün dayanağı Vilayetname adlı Hacı Bektaş Menakıpnamesidir. Bu eser Hacı Bektaş’ın vefatından 2 yüz sene sonra yazıldı.
Ayrıca Hacı Bektaş Ahmet Yesevi’den yüz sene sonra yaşadı. Yani fiilen birbirlerini görmeleri imkansızdır. Tarihi veçhesine göre Hacı Bektaş “Horasan Erenleri”nden olup XIII. yüzyılda Cengiz istilası sebebiyle Anadolu’ya vuku bulan derviş göçleri arasında, bu ülkeye gelmiş olmalıdır.
Menakıbü’l Arifin ve Aşıkpaşazade Tarihi gibi Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli’ye tarih olarak daha yakın olan kaynaklar onun Baba İlyas müridi ve Vefai tarikatına mensup olduğunun yazar. Baba İlyas Anadolu Selçuklu devletine karşı Babai İsyanını (1240) yürüten Vefai şeyhidir. Hacı Bektaş bu zatın müridi ve halifesidir. Babai isyanı tamamen ekonomik ve sosyal huzursuzluk sebepleriyle çıktı, din ve tasavvuf buna kılıf oldu.
Hacı Bektaş Babailer isyanına katılmayıp inzivaya çekilmiş daha sonra tarikat faaliyetine başlamıştır. Ancak görülen o ki, bu dönemde devletin ve toplumun tepkisinden çekinen ilk dönem Bektaşileri, tarikat silsilelerinin isyanlarda rolü olan Baba İlyas yoluyla Vefaiyye tarikatına bağlandığını söylemekten kaçınıp, Hacı Bektaş’ın Ahmed Yesevi’nin halifesi olduğunu iddia etmiş, böylece hem isyan töhmetinden uzak kalmayı hem de Yesevi’nin şöhretinden istifade etmeyi hedeflemiş olmalıdırlar. Bu sözlü propaganda zamanla semeresini verip sonraki döneme ait yazılı kaynaklara da girmiştir.
Resimde 2016’da Makedonya-Kırçova’daki Hıdır Baba Bektaşi Dergahı şeyhi Eyüp Baba ile birlikteyim.
BAB İLYAS HALİFESİ
Muteber kaynaklara göre Hacı Bektaş’ın şeyhi Baba İlyas Horasani’dir. Baba İlyas’ın şeyhi de Mardin Dedeköy’de medfun olan Dede Garkın’dır. Vefaiyye kuzey Irak ve Anadolu’da yayılan bir tarikattır.
Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli, Sulucakarahöyük’te (Bugünkü Hacı Bektaş) bir Türkmen şeyhi olarak bir yandan kendi cemaati içinde mürşidlik görevini sürdürürken bir yandan da bugünkü Ürgüp yöresindeki Hristiyanlarla sıkı ilişkiler geliştirip onların ihtidasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Onun Anadolu’nun müslüman ve gayrımüslim toplumları arasında önemli bir yakınlaşma ortamının doğmasına yol açtığı görülür Ayrıca şamanist Moğollar’ın da Müslümanlığı kabul etmeleri için yoğun faaliyet göstermiş, halifelerini bu amaçla Anadolu’nun dört bir köşesine yollamıştır. Silsilesi ne olursa olsun, tasavvufi yollar hep aynı kapıya çıkar. Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli de milletimizin önemli değerlerinden biridir.
MAKALAT KİTABINDAN
Hacı Bektaş’ın Makalat adlı bir eserindeki “dört kapı kırk makam” öğretisi dini-manevi olgunlaşma yolunda bir genel çerçeve çizer. Şöyle der: “Kul, Çalap Tanrı’ya kırk makamda erişir, dost olur. O kırk makamın onu şeriat, onu tarikat, onu marifet, onu da hakikat içindedir. Şeriatin birinci makamı iman getirmektir. İkinci makamı ilim öğrenmektir. Üçüncü makamı; namaz kılmak, zekat vermek, oruç tutmak, gücü yetene hacca gitmek, seferberlik olunca kaçmayıp düşmana karşı gelmek ve cenabetten temizlenmektir Toprak olmak, yetmiş iki milleti ayıplamamak, elinden geleni esirgememek, yaradılmışların kendisinden emin olması Hakikat makamlarındandır.
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