Osmanlı kaynaklarına göre 1849’da Kudüs’te 6184 Müslüman, 3744 Hristiyan ve 1790 Yahudi olmak üzere 11.682 kişi yaşıyordu.
1900’de 10.000 Müslüman, 10.000 Hristiyan ve 35.000 Yahudi olmak üzere toplam nüfus 55 bini buldu. Siyasi alanda son dönemin en önemli problemi yasa dışı Yahudi göçü idi. Osmanlı Devleti, Yahudi göçünü ve Yahudilere toprak satışını engellemek için birçok tedbir aldı fakat yerel ve milletlerarası kaynaklı sebeplerle tam anlamıyla başarılı olamadı. Özellikle II. Abdülhamid döneminde Siyonizme ve Filistin’e Yahudi göçüne karşı çok çaba gösterildi.
I. Dünya Savaşı’nın sonunda Osmanlı Devleti’nin yenilmesiyle Kudüs’ün geleceği de köklü değişikliklere uğradı.
İNGİLİZLER
1917 yılı Kudüs için bir kader yılı oldu. 2 Kasım’da Balfour Deklarasyonu ile İngiltere Yahudilerin bölgede siyasi bir varlık oluşturmalarını destekleyeceğini açıkladı. 11 Aralık’ta da İngiliz askerleri Kudüs’e girdi. İngiliz işgali, Kudüs’teki sadece Haçlı işgaliyle kesintiye uğrayan yaklaşık 1200 yıllık Müslüman yönetimini de sona erdirdi. Aralık 1917’den itibaren Kudüs giderek İslami karakterini yitirmeye başladı.
Bu dönemde yerli nüfusun büyük çoğunluğunu oluşturan Müslüman ve Hıristiyan Arapların yerine yeni gelen Yahudiler yerleştirildi. Kudüs 1917-1920 yılları arasında İngiliz askeri yönetiminde kaldı. 1920’de yine İngiltere’nin manda yönetimine verildi.
1948’de İsrail Devleti’nin kuruluşuna kadar devam edecek İngiliz sivil yönetimi devam etti.
İngiliz yönetiminin yoğun Yahudi göçüne izin vermesiyle Kudüs ve daha geniş manada Filistin 1920, 1928, 1929, 1933 ve 1936’da bir dizi protesto, silahlı ayaklanma, grev ve boykota sahne oldu.
KABA KUVVET
1967 Arap-İsrail savaşında şehrin tamamını işgal eden İsrail, bazen aşırı güç de kullanarak şehri Yahudileştirme çalışmalarına hız verdi. 1990’lı yıllarda da Kudüs’ün Arapİslami yapısını değiştirmeye yönelik politikalara devam edildi. Tarihi mekanların yıkılması, Arap gayri menkullerine el konulması, çeşitli sebeplerle Arapların şehri terke zorlanması gibi politikalar sonucu Kudüs’teki Yahudi mülklerinin birkaç kat arttığı görüldü.
Birleşmiş Milletler’in birçok defa kınamasına ve karşı çıkmasına rağmen İsrail, Kudüs’ün Arapİslam karakterini zayıflatma politikalarına devam etti ve nihayet 21 Ağustos 1980’de doğusu ve batısıyla birleşik Kudüs’ün İsrail’in ebedi başşehri olduğunu ilan etti.
BİN YIL HÜKMETTİK
80 yıllık Haçlı dönemi hariç Kudüs, 1200 yıl boyunca Müslüman yönetiminde kaldı. Bunun 4 asrı Osmanlı olmak üzere, tamamına yakınında çeşitli Türk devletleri hüküm sürdü. İsrail ise 1950’de Batı Kudüs’ü, 1980’de Doğu Kudüs’ü alıp başken ilan etti.
Yani Kudüs’te bin yıllık Türk hakimiyetine mukabil, İsrail’inki 50-60 seneliktir.
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